🔥 Loss Story of the Week

One Low Bridge. One Excavator. $65 Million.

What Happened

On an August evening in 2022, a tractor-trailer hauling an excavator northbound on I-25 near Mead hit the Weld County Road 34 overpass. The excavator's arm was sticking up higher than the bridge allowed. A chunk of concrete broke loose and came through the windshield of the SUV behind the truck, killing a 32-year-old mom who was driving home from a water park with her 10-year-old son. The Colorado State Patrol found the excavator hadn't been loaded properly. The driver had gotten his CDL just four days earlier.

The Dollar Impact

This September, a Larimer County jury awarded the son $65 million in a wrongful death suit against the driver and his employer. The family's lawyers say it's the largest trucking-crash jury award in Colorado history. The suit claimed the company didn't train the driver and didn't inspect the load before it left the yard. The driver separately pleaded guilty to vehicular homicide.

The Coverage That Should Be There

• Commercial Auto. This is the policy that pays when your truck, or a trailer it's pulling, hurts someone or damages their property. That includes what's on the trailer hitting a bridge.

• Umbrella/Excess. Most small contractors carry $1M in auto liability. Against a $65M verdict, that's a down payment. The umbrella is what stands between the rest of the award and your business.

• Inland Marine (Contractor's Equipment). Auto liability pays for the people and property you hit. It doesn't fix your excavator. Equipment coverage does.

• Workers' Comp. Required by law in Colorado. If your own driver had been hurt, this is what pays for his injuries, not the auto policy.

The Gap Risk

The lawsuit didn't stop at the driver. It went after the company for how it hired, trained, and checked its people. That's the gap: a contractor hands the keys and the trailer to a new hire because the job needs moving today. No road test, no motor vehicle record check, nobody measuring the load height. Your auto policy may still respond, but a jury will hold the business responsible for the decisions it made before the truck ever left the yard. And a $1M limit doesn't go far.

A CRM so smart, it updates itself.

HubSpot's CRM is so smart, it now updates itself. Calls get logged and summarized the moment they end. New leads get researched and a first outreach drafted, automatically. Deals move forward on their own, with next steps flagged before you have to ask. 

Even the one repetitive task you've been meaning to fix can now run itself, no code required. Customers using it are already seeing the difference. 

This isn't the CRM you have to work hard to figure out. It's the one already working before you log in.

Get a Demo

🛡️ Coverage Spotlight: Commercial Auto

What it is: Liability and physical damage coverage for the trucks, vans, and trailers your business owns or uses. It pays for injuries and damage you cause on the road, and, if you carry physical damage, repairs to your own vehicles.

Why contractors need it: Your personal auto policy almost certainly excludes a truck used for business, especially one hauling equipment or titled to the company. Trucks are also where contractors' biggest verdicts come from.

What to check on yours:

• Are all your drivers listed? Carriers rate and approve drivers. A new hire who never got added, or one with a bad record, can turn a claim into a fight.

• Are your trailers covered? Trailers need to be on the policy. A trailer that isn't scheduled can leave the physical damage uncovered.

• What about employees' own trucks? If your crew drives their personal pickups to the supply house or between jobs, you need Hired & Non-Owned Auto. Without it, your business is exposed when their personal policy runs out.

• Is your limit high enough? $1M is the floor, not the goal. Pair it with an umbrella.

Bottom line: Your trucks go everywhere your business goes. Make sure the policy does too.

✅ Risk Tip: The 3-Minute Haul Check

Before anyone hauls equipment this winter, run three checks:

1. Measure the load. Stow booms and arms, then measure the total height from the road to the highest point. Write it on a card on the dash. Know what clearances are on the route.

2. Check the driver. Pull a motor vehicle record on every new driver and ride along before they haul alone. A brand-new license isn't experience.

3. Check the tie-downs and the weather. Chains and binders tight, lights working, and if the roads are icy, ask whether the move can wait until afternoon.

Put it in writing as a simple checklist. If something ever happens, a signed checklist shows a jury you had a process.

📊 Quick Stat

11,745

That's how many crashes Colorado State Troopers responded to between November 2024 and March 2025. Looking at four years of crashes where road conditions were noted, nearly half happened in winter, and icy roads were the top cause, ahead of wet roads and snow. Winter driving season starts now.

Sources

• Equipment World — Jury awards $65M after excavator hits bridge

• WJLA — 14-year-old awarded $65M

• Colorado State Patrol — Road Conditions and Crashes

🔥 Loss Story of the Week

One Metal Stud. One Sidewalk. $20.7 Million.

What Happened

In October 2019, a physician assistant was sitting outside a downtown San Francisco hotel waiting for a ride. A metal wall stud fell from the second level of the renovation scaffolding above her and hit her on the head. At first the injury looked minor: she needed no stitches, had no bleeding, and was out of the ER in under an hour. Over the next several months her symptoms grew, and doctors diagnosed a traumatic brain injury with potentially lifelong effects. She wasn't a worker. She was a member of the public.

The Dollar Impact

In July 2026 the jury awarded $20.7 million: $2.5M for past pain and suffering, $2.2M for future medical costs, and $16M for future pain and suffering. Two defendants got out before trial. The general contractor and the drywall sub settled for a $3 million lump sum paid from the sub's $6 million insurance limit. Because the GC's contract required the sub to insure it, the GC appears to have paid nothing out of pocket. The scaffold company, the only defendant left at trial, was allocated roughly $2.7 million of the verdict. The case took almost seven years, including a mistrial.

The Coverage That Should Be There

• General Liability. This is the policy that responds when your work injures someone who isn't your employee: pedestrians, customers, hotel guests, the neighbor's kid.

• Umbrella/Excess. A $1M/$2M GL policy covers the first piece of a verdict this size. The umbrella covers the rest.

• Additional Insured endorsements. These are the reason the GC walked away clean. Its sub's policy covered the GC.

• Workers' Comp does NOT respond here. In Colorado, WC is required by law and protects your crew. It does nothing for the public walking under your scaffold.

The Gap Risk

The GC here was protected by paperwork, not luck. It had a contract requiring the sub to carry insurance and to name the GC as an additional insured. Plenty of Front Range GCs collect a certificate once, file it, and never confirm that the AI endorsement exists or that the limits are high enough. When a sub's policy is thin or missing, the claim lands on the GC's own policy, and its loss history goes with it.

🛡️ Coverage Spotlight: Umbrella / Excess Liability

What it is: An extra layer of liability coverage that sits on top of your GL, Commercial Auto, and Employers Liability policies. When one of those runs out, the umbrella picks up.

Why contractors need it: Juries don't price claims based on how big your company is. The $20.7M verdict above came from a single falling stud. One serious auto accident or one injured passerby can blow through a $1M limit quickly.

What to check on yours:

• Which policies does it sit over? Make sure GL, Auto, and Employers Liability are all listed as underlying coverage.

• Does it match your contracts? Many GC and commercial owner contracts require $2M–$5M in umbrella coverage. If you're short, you can lose the bid or be in breach of the contract.

• Does it follow your AI endorsements? If your contract promises umbrella coverage to the GC or owner, the umbrella has to extend additional insured status too, not just the GL.

• Is it cheap? Usually. The first $1M of umbrella coverage often costs far less per dollar of protection than your primary policies.

Bottom line: The first million protects your business. The umbrella protects everything you've built.

✅ Risk Tip: Secure the Edge, Then Check the Paper

Before your next job near a sidewalk, parking lot, or occupied building, do two things:

1. Walk the edge. Every open side of a scaffold or elevated deck where people pass underneath should have toeboards, netting, or screening. Barricade or cover the walkway below. A missing toeboard and missing webbing were the main issues before trial in the San Francisco case.

2. Pull your subs' certificates and verify the endorsements. A certificate only summarizes a policy. Ask for the actual additional insured and waiver of subrogation endorsements, and confirm the limits match what your contract requires.

It takes 15 minutes, and it's the difference between "the sub's carrier handled it" and "our carrier is defending us."

📊 Quick Stat

5,740

That's how many fall protection violations federal OSHA records show for Colorado employers under the "duty to have fall protection" standard. It's the most-cited standard in the state, with more than $15.4 million in penalties attached. Falls injure workers, and they're also what put debris on top of the public. Fall protection is liability protection too.

Sources

• Compass Law Group — $20.7M falling debris verdict (citing SF Chronicle & ENR)

• Expert Institute — $20.7M Scaffold Debris Verdict

• Daily Journal — Jury awards $20.7M to hotel guest

• SafetyRecord.org — OSHA Violations in Colorado

With crews hard to find, it’s tempting to put a sub to work fast and sort out the paperwork later. That’s exactly how an uninsured sub becomes your liability. If they get hurt or cause damage and their coverage is missing or lapsed, the claim rolls uphill to your policy.

Best case, your premium climbs at the next audit because their payroll gets pulled into yours. Worst case, a serious claim gets disputed and you’re the one holding it. Either way, “I thought they were covered” isn’t a defense.

The fix is simple and fast: before a sub sets foot on your site, get a current certificate that names your business as additional insured, and check the policy dates are still active. Keep a one-line tracker so nobody slips through when you’re busy.

Want a simple way to collect and track sub COIs? We can set you up. Reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com or 719-286-9425.

Infrastructure money and bigger projects are landing in Colorado in 2026, and a lot of contractors are bidding jobs a size up from their usual work. When you do, the general contractor’s or owner’s insurance requirements get stricter — and your certificate of insurance has to prove it.

Three things get checked, and any one missing sends your COI back: additional insured (with the right endorsement, not just your name typed in the box), waiver of subrogation in the GC’s favor, and primary & non-contributory wording so your policy pays first. “It’s automatic” won’t cut it — reviewers want to see the endorsements.

Before you bid the big one, have your agent confirm your policy can actually produce all three. Sorting it out at bid time beats scrambling after you’ve won the job and the start date is slipping.

Chasing a bigger project? Send us the insurance requirements and we’ll make sure your COI clears them. Reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com or 719-286-9425.

Colorado’s construction sector keeps adding jobs, and that’s great for your pipeline. But workers’ comp is priced on payroll and how your people are classified — and growth is exactly when those numbers get messy.

Two traps catch growing crews. First, treating workers as 1099 subs when the state sees them as employees — in Colorado, if you control how and when the work gets done, they’re likely employees, and an audit can hit you with back premium. Second, guessing low on payroll at renewal, then owing a big audit bill when the real numbers come in.

Get ahead of it: collect COIs from every sub so their coverage counts (not yours), keep clean payroll records by class code, and update your estimated payroll when you add people instead of waiting for the audit.

Scaling up this year? Let’s make sure your work comp is set up right before the audit. Reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com or 719-286-9425.

Tariffs and supply costs are pushing up the price of lumber, steel, copper, and the tools you run every day. That matters for your insurance, because most equipment and tool coverage only pays out up to the limit you set — often years ago.

If a $40,000 trailer of tools gets stolen but your schedule caps out at $25,000 — or worse, pays actual cash value after depreciation — you cover the rest out of pocket. Rising prices quietly widen that gap every year.

Two quick fixes: make sure your equipment is scheduled at replacement cost, not actual cash value, and update your limits to what it would cost to re-buy everything today. It’s a five-minute review that can save you five figures.

Want us to check your equipment limits against today’s prices? Reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com or 719-286-9425.

Interest rates are finally easing in 2026, and projects that sat frozen are coming back to life. More work is great news — but a jump in revenue, payroll, or job size can quietly blow past the limits on your current policy.

Before you take on bigger jobs, check three things: your general liability limits, your workers’ comp payroll estimate, and whether your tools and equipment are insured at today’s replacement cost. Growing while underinsured is the expensive way to grow.

Want a 10-minute coverage check before the busy season hits? Reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com or 719-286-9425.

Each week we spotlight a local business worth knowing. This week: Colorado Professional Security & Surveillance (COPSS), a locally owned security company right here in Colorado Springs.

COPSS provides armed and unarmed security services for residential communities, commercial properties, and businesses across the Front Range — the licensed, credentialed kind of security vendor that property managers actually approve to be on site.

If you run job sites, manage property, or just want a professional set of eyes protecting what you’ve built, they’re a local team worth having in your corner.

Learn more: site.copssinc.com

Know a local business (or run one) that should be featured here? Just reply — we’d love to spotlight the people who make the Front Range work.

The fastest way to lose a job: promise to start Monday, then spend three days chasing a certificate your policy can’t even produce.

Here’s the good news. A clean COI can often be issued the same day — IF the right endorsements are already on your policy. Additional Insured, Waiver of Subrogation, Primary & Non-Contributory: if they’re already there, your agent just prints and sends.

If they’re NOT, you’re waiting on the carrier to add them, and the clock on your start date is running.

The move is simple: get your policy checked BEFORE you need the cert, not the morning of.

Chasing a job with specific insurance requirements? Send them over and we’ll tell you if you can produce a compliant certificate today — clientschoiceinsurance.com or call 719-286-9425.

“Primary and Non-Contributory” is plain English once you translate it: your policy pays first, before the general contractor’s policy is ever touched.

It’s becoming standard language on larger jobs. GCs want to know that if something goes wrong on your work, your coverage — not theirs — is the one that responds.

Here’s the theme of the whole week in one line: the words a GC needs to see on your certificate are NOT there by default. Additional Insured, Waiver of Subrogation, Primary & Non-Contributory — every one of them is an endorsement that has to be built onto your policy on purpose.

That’s why certificates get bounced. The coverage was never set up to produce them.

Want to make sure yours can? We’ll review it — clientschoiceinsurance.com or call 719-286-9425.

Smart starts here.

You don't have to read everything — just the right thing. 1440's daily newsletter distills the day's biggest stories from 100+ sources into one quick, 5-minute read. It's the fastest way to stay sharp, sound informed, and actually understand what's happening in the world. Join 4.5 million readers who start their day the smart way.

Join for free today!

Quick question: when a general contractor asks you for a “certificate of insurance,” do you know exactly what they’re checking for?

Most contractors don’t. They forward the request to their agent, get a PDF back, send it over — and then wonder why the GC comes back three times asking for changes. Every round trip is a day you’re not on the job.

Here’s what’s really happening. A certificate of insurance (COI) is a one-page snapshot proving you carry coverage. But GCs aren’t just checking that you HAVE insurance — they’re checking that their company is protected if something goes wrong on your work. Three phrases decide whether your cert gets accepted or bounced:

Additional Insured — adds the GC to your policy so your coverage responds first if they get pulled into a claim over your work. Almost every commercial contract requires it. Missing it means automatic rejection.

Waiver of Subrogation — stops your insurer from later going after the GC to recover what it paid. Bigger clients and public projects almost always demand it, and it isn’t on every policy by default.

Primary and Non-Contributory — plain English: your policy pays first, before the GC’s. Increasingly standard on larger jobs.

The trap: none of these are automatic. They’re endorsements that have to actually be on your policy — and too many contractors find out they’re missing on the morning they’re supposed to start.

This week on the blog I’m breaking down each one in plain English, so the next time a COI request hits your inbox, you know exactly what you’re looking at.

Want me to look at your current policy and tell you whether it can produce a compliant cert for the jobs you’re chasing? Just reply, or reach us at clientschoiceinsurance.com. That’s what we do.

Stay covered,

Shahn Christensen

Client’s Choice Insurance — 719-286-9425

“Waiver of Subrogation” sounds like lawyer noise. Here’s what it actually does for you.

Normally, if your insurer pays out on a claim, it can turn around and try to recover that money from anyone else involved — including the general contractor. A waiver of subrogation stops your insurer from going after the GC.

That’s why GCs love it. Public projects and larger clients almost always require it in their contracts. Having it ready is often what puts you on the shortlist for the bigger jobs.

Here’s the catch, and you’ll notice a pattern this week: it’s not on every policy by default. It’s an endorsement.

Not sure if your policy includes a waiver of subrogation? We’ll check it — clientschoiceinsurance.com or call 719-286-9425.

The most common reason a general contractor bounces a contractor’s certificate: no “Additional Insured” status.

Here’s what it does. Adding the GC as an Additional Insured puts them on YOUR policy, so if they get pulled into a claim over your work, your coverage responds first — not theirs. That’s exactly the protection they’re requiring you to prove.

Nearly every commercial contract requires it. And here’s the catch: it’s not automatic. Additional Insured has to be endorsed onto your policy on purpose.

If you don’t know whether your policy carries it, that’s a five-minute check worth making before your next bid — not the morning you’re supposed to start.

Want us to confirm your policy can add the GCs you work with? Reach out at clientschoiceinsurance.com or call 719-286-9425.

A Certificate of Insurance is not your insurance. It’s a one-page receipt proving you have it.

When a general contractor asks for your “COI,” they want proof you carry coverage — and proof their company is protected if a claim ever traces back to your work.

The mistake contractors make is treating it like a formality. It’s not. It’s the document that decides whether you start Monday or wait another week while it gets fixed.

This week we’re breaking down the exact lines a GC checks — Additional Insured, Waiver of Subrogation, and Primary & Non-Contributory — in plain English. Follow along.

Not sure your policy can produce a compliant certificate for the jobs you’re chasing? That’s exactly what we do. Get in touch at clientschoiceinsurance.com or call 719-286-9425.

Find out why 1M+ professionals read Superhuman AI daily.

In 2 years you will be working for AI

Or an AI will be working for you

Here's how you can future-proof yourself:

1. Join the Superhuman AI newsletter – read by 1M+ people at top companies

2. Master AI tools, tutorials, and news in just 3 minutes a day

3. Become 10X more productive using AI

Join 1,000,000+ pros at companies like Google, Meta, and Amazon that are using AI to get ahead.

Sign up and start learning AI

Roofer risk profile

Why does a roofer need General liability Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Professional liability Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Workers Compensation Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Commercial Auto Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Inland Marine Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Installation Floater Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Employer Practices Liability Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Crime Insurance?

Why does a roofer need Cyber Liability Insurance?

What is Additional Insured?

What is Waiver of subrogation?

What is primary non-contributory?

What is contractual risk transfer?

A roofer needs Workers’ Compensation Insurance because roofing is one of the highest-risk construction trades, and workers are constantly exposed to serious injury hazards. Workers’ comp is not only legally required in most states but also essential for protecting both the roofer’s employees and the business itself from financial and legal consequences.

🧱 Top Reasons Roofers Need Workers' Compensation Insurance

1. Legal Requirement

• Mandated in almost every state if you have employees—even part-time or seasonal.

• Failing to carry it can result in hefty fines, stop-work orders, and even criminal charges.

2. High-Risk Work Environment

• Roofing involves:

  • Working at heights (falls are the #1 cause of fatal construction injuries)

  • Sloped and unstable surfaces

  • Heavy lifting and repetitive strain

  • Use of hazardous tools and materials

• Injury potential is high, even with safety protocols.

3. Covers Medical Bills and Lost Wages

• If an employee falls or gets injured on-site:

  • Workers’ comp pays for emergency care, rehab, surgery, and prescriptions.

  • It also provides partial wage replacement during recovery.

• Without it, the business owner may be personally liable for these expenses.

4. Protects the Business from Lawsuits

• Employees typically cannot sue their employer for a job-related injury if workers’ comp is in place.

• This reduces litigation risk and shields the business from costly settlements or court judgments.

5. Supports Hiring & Contracting

• GCs often require proof of workers’ comp before allowing subcontractors on job sites.

• Many states prohibit using “1099” contractors to avoid workers’ comp—misclassification audits can be devastating.

📊 Common Injury Examples in Roofing

🚫 What Happens Without Workers’ Comp?

• You may be sued directly by the injured worker.

• Medical providers can come after your business.

• You may face stop-work orders or lose commercial contracts.

• Contractors’ licenses can be suspended or revoked in some states.

✅ Summary

• Meets legal requirements

• Covers costly job-site injuries

• Reduces the risk of lawsuits

• Enables growth by allowing them to work with GCs and hire workers safely

A roofer may need Professional Liability Insurance (also known as Errors & Omissions or E&O Insurance) when their operations include design advice, inspections, consulting, or specification services—not just physical labor. While General Liability covers bodily injury and property damage, Professional Liability covers financial losses from mistakes in professional judgment or recommendations.

🎯 Why a Roofer Might Need Professional Liability Insurance

1. Design or Specification Errors

• Example: A roofer recommends a specific membrane system for a commercial flat roof that later fails due to improper suitability for the climate.

• Exposure: The building owner sues for the cost of replacing the entire system—even though there was no physical damage at first.

• Coverage: E&O responds to claims of negligent advice, even if the workmanship was fine.

2. Inspection and Certification Services

• Example: A roofer provides a roof inspection and reports it as in “good condition.” Later, a buyer discovers major structural deficiencies and sues the roofer for misrepresentation.

• Exposure: Financial damages to the buyer, not bodily injury or property damage.

• Coverage: GL won’t respond because this is a professional error, not a physical occurrence.

3. Project Consulting or Construction Management

• Example: A roofing contractor acts as a consultant for a new build, overseeing subcontractors and making material selections.

• Exposure: If a timeline delay or material choice causes budget overruns or fails to meet specs, the roofer could be sued.

• Coverage: E&O protects against claims of poor planning, oversight, or documentation errors.

4. Contractual Requirements

• Some municipalities, commercial clients, or general contractors may require Professional Liability coverage if the roofer is:

  • Involved in roof design-build contracts

  • Providing condition certifications

  • Serving as a subconsultant to an architect or engineer

🧾 What Professional Liability Covers (That GL Doesn’t)

✅ Summary

A roofer needs General Liability (GL) insurance because the nature of their work presents significant risk to third parties, both in terms of bodily injury and property damage. Here's a breakdown of why it's essential:

🛡️ Top Reasons Roofers Need General Liability Insurance

1. Protection Against Third-Party Injury Claims

• Example: A roofing hammer falls off a ladder and hits a homeowner or pedestrian.

• Coverage: GL pays for medical bills, legal fees, and potential settlements or judgments.

2. Coverage for Property Damage

• Example: During tear-off, debris falls and breaks a skylight, shatters a window, or damages landscaping.

• Coverage: GL pays for repair or replacement of damaged third-party property.

3. Completed Operations Liability

• Example: After a roofing job is finished, a leak due to faulty installation causes water damage to ceilings and insulation.

• Coverage: GL includes completed operations coverage for bodily injury or property damage arising from work already performed.

4. Contractual Requirements

• Example: A general contractor or property manager requires the roofer to carry GL insurance with specific limits and endorsements before they're allowed on-site.

• Mandates: Many contracts require proof of GL (via a Certificate of Insurance) and named additional insured status.

5. Legal Defense Costs

• Even if not at fault, GL covers defense against allegations of negligence, including attorney fees, court costs, and judgments (up to policy limits).

6. Reputation and Business Continuity

• Carrying GL insurance signals professionalism and reduces the chance that a single incident will bankrupt the business or result in loss of licensing.

🚫 What GL Does Not Cover

• Injuries to the roofer’s own employees (covered by Workers' Compensation).

• Faulty workmanship without causing third-party damage (addressed via Contractor’s E&O or warranty work).

• Damage to the roofer’s own tools or equipment (covered by Inland Marine).

Summary

Here’s a comprehensive Roofer Risk Profile structured for underwriting, insurance analysis, or business risk management purposes. This can be used to evaluate exposures, coverage needs, or guide risk mitigation strategies.

🏗️ Roofer Risk Profile

1. Industry Overview

• NAICS Code: 238160 – Roofing Contractors

• SIC Code: 1761 – Roofing, Siding, and Sheet Metal Work

• Common Operations: Installation, repair, replacement, and inspection of commercial and residential roofs using materials such as asphalt shingles, tiles, slate, EPDM, TPO, PVC, and metal.

2. Key Risk Categories

🛠️ Operational Risks

🔥 Fire Risk

🧑‍🤝‍🧑 Labor & HR Risks

🚧 Liability Exposures

🏚️ Property Risks

📑 Regulatory/Compliance Risks

3. Insurance Considerations

4. Risk Mitigation Best Practices

• Use fall protection plans, harnesses, and railing systems.

• Perform daily safety briefings and job hazard analyses.

• Maintain subcontractor compliance with COIs and hold harmless agreements.

• Train crews on ladder safety, heat exhaustion, and tool operation.

• Implement equipment security and anti-theft GPS tagging.

• Conduct pre- and post-job inspections to limit disputes.

5. Red Flags for Underwriters

• No formal safety program or documented training.

• Sole proprietors with multiple 1099 “helpers.”

• Torch work with no hot work protocols or fire watch.

• No fall protection on jobs over 10 feet.

• High % of residential reroofs with open claim history.

Would you like this exported as a downloadable PDF or turned into a visual presentation (e.g., for sales, training, or client onboarding)?